Microscopic nerve cells collected into macroscopic bundles called nerves carry electrical messages throughout the body. External stimuli, as well as internal chemicals such as acetylcholine, activate the cell membranes of nerve cells to release stored electrical energy within the cells.

This energy, when released and passed through the length of the nerve cell, is called the nervous impulse. External receptors like sense organs and internal receptors in muscles and blood vessels receive and transmit these impulses to the complex network of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

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The space between neurons through which the nervous impulse jumps from one neuron to another is called the synapse. The transfer of the impulse across the synapse depends upon the release of a chemical substance, called a neurotransmitter, by the neuron that brings the impulse to the synapse.

The brain is the primary centre for regulating and coordinating body activities. In the human adult, it weighs about 3 pounds and has many different parts, all of which control different aspects of body functions.

The largest part of the brain is the cerebrum. The outer nervous tissue of the cerebrum, known as the cerebral cortex, is arranged in folds to form elevated portions known as convolutions (also called gyri) and depressions or grooves known as fissures (also called sulci).

Within the middle region of the cerebrum are spaces, or canals, called ventricles. They contain a watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord. This fluid is called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and protects the brain and spinal cord from shock as might a cushion.

The two other important parts of the brain, the thalamus and hypothalamus, are located below the cerebrum.

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The cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata lie below the posterior portion of the cerebrum and connect the cerebrum with the spinal cord. The pons and medulla are part of the brain stem.

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The medulla oblongata regulates critical internal activities of the body. Nerve cells that control the movement of the left side of the body are found in the right half of the cerebrum, and these axons cross over to the opposite side in the medulla oblongata before travelling down the spinal cord.

The meninges are three layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord, providing essential protection.

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Neurological diseases may be classified into six major categories of disorders:

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Cell counts, bacterial smears, and cultures of samples of CSF are done when disease of the meninges or brain is suspected. Normal constituents of CSF are water, glucose, sodium, chloride, and protein. Changes in their concentrations are helpful in diagnosis of brain disease. CSF normally has more chloride and less glucose than blood.